Periosteum Extracellular-Matrix-Mediated Acellular Mineralization during Bone Formation

Cell-mediated mineralization is essential for bone formation and regeneration. In this study, it is proven that extracellular matrix (ECM) of decellularized periosteum can play an initiative and independent role in bone-like apatite formation. Using decellularized periosteum scaffold, it is revealed that ECM scaffold itself can promote critical bone defect regeneration and nude mouse ectopic ossification. The natural collagen matrix of decellularized periosteum can serve as a 3D structural template for Ca-P nuclei initiation, controlling the size and orientation of bone-like mineral crystals. The naturally cross-linked and highly ordered 3D fibrillar network of decellularized periosteum not only provides a model for mimicking mineralization in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the important functions of ECM in bone formation and regeneration, but also can be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering and clinical application.