Mineral-balanced deep sea water enhances the inhibitory effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory response

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with a genetic predisposition, allergenic response, and environmental influence. In clinical practice, anti-inflammatory agents are primarily used to treat patients with AD. Moreover, several previous investigations have shown that natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activities are potent agents for treating AD in in vitro and in vivo. Hence, this study investigated the effects of a mixture of deep sea water (DSW) and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on inflammatory response in Raw264.7 murine macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The result showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions, which are proinflammatory factors induced by LPS, were inhibited by COS treatment. Furthermore, the inhibition was hardnessdependently enhanced by combined DSW. DSW improved the reverses of nitric oxide production as well as mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6, by COS-L in LPS-activated Raw264.7 murine macrophage cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates that a combined treatment of DSW and COS could be a useful strategy for the treatment of inflammation caused by various inflammatory disorders, including AD.