In-situ freeze-drying - forming amorphous solids directly within capsules: An investigation of dissolution enhancement for a poorly soluble drug

Conversion into the amorphous form enhances the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, however the barrier to market for medicines containing an amorphous drug is poor stability. The aim was to produce the amorphous form of a drug within a capsule, without thermal or mechanical stress during manufacture. To facilitate this aim, the mechanism for drug-polymer interaction was explored. Nifedipine and polyvinylpyrrolidone were dissolved in tert-butanol at different drug/polymer ratios. These solutions were dispensed into gelatin capsules and freeze-dried. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) & novel FT-IR analysis based on peak symmetry measurements confirmed the absence of crystallinity when polyvinylpyrrolidone exceeded 50% w/w. Capsules containing 10 mg of nifedipine were amorphous and stable for over 3 months at approximate to 40 degrees C. Evidence of hydrogen bonding between the N-H group of nifedipine and the C=O group of PVP was observed and this interaction inhibited nifedipine crystallisation. PVP's high affinity for water and the nifedipine-polymer interaction lead to a significant dissolution rate enhancement. The freeze-dried capsule, 10% w/w nifedipine/PVP, had the highest dissolution rate constant of 0.37 +/- 0.05 min(-1), and the lowest time to achieve 50% dissolution or t(1/2) of 1.88 +/- 0.05 min. This formulation reached 80% dissolved in less than 6 min whereas the equivalent marketed liquid filled nifedipine capsule took 3 times longer to reach 80% dissolution.