Molecular dynamics simulation of low-energy recoil events in titanate pyrochlores

Molecular dynamics simulations of low-energy displacement events in titanate pyrochlores A(2)Ti(2)O(7) (A = Lu, Er, Gd, Eu, Ce, La) have been carried out along three main crystallographic directions, [100], [110] and [111], to determine threshold displacement energies (E-d) for A, Ti and O, corresponding defect configurations, and defect formation dynamics. The A-site cation size was found to have an important effect on the value of E-d for each type of ion in titanate pyrochlores. E-d depended on the knock-on direction, ion type, and Wyckoff position (48f vs. 8b site for O). The influence of A-site cation size on Ed for Ti and O-48f was significantly larger than on E-d for A and O-8b in titanate pyrochlores. Besides, the value of Ed for each type of atom in titanate pyrochlores was highly anisotropic. The largest change of E-d was for T-i, while the smallest change of Ed was for O8b. The energy required to displace the A cation was less than that to displace T-i. The lowest displacement energy was for the anion in titanate pyrochlores. The easiest displacement direction for Ti4+ and O-48f was along [100], while the easiest directions for A(3+) and O-8b in titanate pyrochlores varied with the choice of A-site cation. Among the surviving defects, Frenkel pairs were dominant at the end of low-energy recoils. Cation displacements produced both cation and anion defects, while anion displacements produced only anion defects. Thus, cation displacement, which occurs at higher recoil energies, holds the key to amorphization. With increasing A-site cation radius in titanate pyrochlores A(2)Ti(2)O(7) (A = Lu, Er, Gd, Eu), the variation of the E-d of Ti along [110] was similar to the variation of the experimental critical amorphization temperature (T-c). The displacement of Ti along [110] may play an important role in the amorphization of titanate pyrochlores.