Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu9030252
Keywords
leptin; adiponectin; maternal body composition; percentage fat mass; lactation; human milk; breastfeeding; appetite hormones; macronutrients; protein; lactose
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Funding
- Medela AG (Switzerland)
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia
- University of Western Australia (Australia)
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Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (% FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n = 59) provided milk samples (n = 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal % FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal % FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 +/- 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.008) and skimHM(0.005 +/- 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.007), and protein (0.16 +/- 0.07 g/L, p = 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with % FM (0.01 +/- 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.81; 0.08 +/- 0.11 g/L, p = 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.
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