Journal
FOOD & FUNCTION
Volume 8, Issue 8, Pages 2905-2914Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00641a
Keywords
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Funding
- research Grant of the Junta de Andalucia, Spain [P09-CVI- 5007]
- MICINN [BES-2012-056104]
- European Social Fund (ESF) from the Spanish MINECO [JCI-2012-13084]
- Spanish Research Council/JAEdoc Program [JAEDOC089]
- V Own Research Plan of the University of Seville
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Tyrosol (Tyr) is a phenolic compound found in virgin olive oil. After ingestion, Tyr undergoes extensive first pass intestinal/hepatic metabolism. However, knowledge about the biological effects of Tyr metabolites is scarce. We chemically synthesized Tyr glucuronate (Tyr-GLU) and sulphate (Tyr-SUL) metabolites and explored their properties against oxidative stress and inflammation in TNF-alpha-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hECs). Tyr and Tyr-SUL prevented the rise of reactive oxygen species, the depletion of glutathione, and the down-regulation of glutathione peroxidase 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, and heme oxygenase-1 genes. Tyr-SUL and to a lower extent Tyr and Tyr-GLU prevented the phosphorylation of NF-kappa B signaling proteins. Tyr-GLU and Tyr-SUL also prevented the over-expression of adhesion molecules at gene, protein, and secretory levels, and the adhesion (Tyr-SUL > Tyr-GLU) of human monocytes to hECs. In vivo, Tyr, and most notably Tyr-SUL in a dose-dependent manner, ameliorated plantar and ear edemas in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation. This study demonstrates the antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties of Tyr metabolites, with Tyr-SUL being the most effective.
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