Journal
ACS CATALYSIS
Volume 7, Issue 9, Pages 5862-5870Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01317
Keywords
palladium; cross coupling; amides; aryl halides; metal triflates; Lewis acids; transrnetalation
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [CHE-1565721]
- the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund
- Pennsylvania Department of Health
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Chemistry [1565721] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The Pd/xantphos-catalyzed cross-coupling of amides and aryl halides is accelerated by cocatalytic metal triflate additives. A survey of nitrogen nucleophiles reveals improved yields for a variety of N-aryl amide products when Al(OTf)(3) is employed as a catalytic additive, with some exceptions. Initial rates of catalysis indicate that the Lewis acid acceleration is more pronounced when bromobenzene (PhBr) is used in comparison with iodobenzene (PhI). The observation of an aryl halide dependence on rate and various qualitative kinetic experiments are consistent with a mechanism in which ligand exchange of halide for amide (transmetalation) is turnover limiting. The mechanism may be different depending on whether PhBr or PhI is used as a coupling partner. Oxidative addition complexes (xantphos)Pd(Ph)(X) (X = Br, I; xantphos = 4,S-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene), likely intermediates in catalysis, have been prepared; their differing interactions with Yb(OTf)(3) in solution resemble the halide dependence of the catalytic mechanism, which we propose originates from a reversible Lewis acid mediated halide abstraction during catalysis.
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