Alkaline earth metal vanadates as sodium-ion battery anodes

The abundance of sodium resources indicates the potential of sodium-ion batteries as emerging energy storage devices. However, the practical application of sodium-ion batteries is hindered by the limited electrochemical performance of electrode materials, especially at the anode side. Here, we identify alkaline earth metal vanadates as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries. The prepared calcium vanadate nanowires possess intrinsically high electronic conductivity (>100 S cm(-1)), small volume change (<10%), and a self-preserving effect, which results in a superior cycling and rate performance and an applicable reversible capacity (>300 mAh g(-1)), with an average voltage of similar to 1.0 V. The specific sodium-storage mechanism, beyond the conventional intercalation or conversion reaction, is demonstrated through in situ and ex situ characterizations and theoretical calculations. This work explores alkaline earth metal vanadates for sodium-ion battery anodes and may open a direction for energy storage.