4.7 Article

A Multi-wavelength Study of the Turbulent Central Engine of the Low-mass AGN Hosted by NGC404

Journal

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Volume 845, Issue 1, Pages -

Publisher

IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7ecf

Keywords

galaxies: active; galaxies: dwarf; galaxies: individual (NGC 404); galaxies: nuclei; radio continuum: galaxies

Funding

  1. NASA
  2. JPL
  3. NASA [NAS 5-26555, NAS5-26555]
  4. Spitzer [11086]
  5. Science and Technology Facilities Council Ernest Rutherford Fellowship
  6. NSF [AST-1350389]
  7. NASA through Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51352.001]
  8. Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/L004496/2, ST/L004496/1] Funding Source: researchfish
  9. Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
  10. Division Of Astronomical Sciences [1350389] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
  11. STFC [ST/L004496/1, ST/L004496/2] Funding Source: UKRI

Ask authors/readers for more resources

The nearby dwarf galaxy NGC 404 harbors a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus powered by the lowest-mass (< 150,000 M circle dot) central massive black hole (MBH), with a dynamical mass constraint, currently known, thus providing a rare low-redshift analog to the MBH seeds that formed in the early universe. Here, we present new imaging of the nucleus of NGC 404 at 12-18. GHz with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and observations of the CO(2-1) line with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). For the first time, we have successfully resolved the nuclear radio emission, revealing a centrally peaked, extended source spanning 17 pc. Combined with previous VLA observations, our new data place a tight constraint on the radio spectral index and indicate an optically thin synchrotron origin for the emission. The peak of the resolved radio source coincides with the dynamical center of NGC 404, the center of a rotating disk of molecular gas, and the position of a compact, hard X-ray source. We also present evidence for shocks in the NGC 404 nucleus from archival narrowband HST imaging, Chandra X-ray data, and Spitzer mid-infrared spectroscopy, and discuss possible origins for the shock excitation. Given the morphology, location, and steep spectral index of the resolved radio source, as well as constraints on nuclear star formation from the ALMA CO(2-1) data, we find the most likely scenario for the origin of the radio source in the center of NGC 404 to be a radio outflow associated with a confined jet driven by the active nucleus.

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