Journal
BIOSTATISTICS
Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 521-536Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxw050
Keywords
fMRI; High-dimensional statistics; Image analysis; Leverage; Outlier detection; Principal component analysis; Robust statistics
Funding
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering [R01 EB016061, P41 EB015909]
- National Institute of Mental Health [R01 MH095836]
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Outlier detection for high-dimensional (HD) data is a popular topic in modern statistical research. However, one source of HD data that has received relatively little attention is functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI), which consists of hundreds of thousands of measurements sampled at hundreds of time points. At a time when the availability of fMRI data is rapidly growing-primarily through large, publicly available grassroots datasets-automated quality control and outlier detection methods are greatly needed. We propose principal components analysis (PCA) leverage and demonstrate how it can be used to identify outlying time points in an fMRI run. Furthermore, PCA leverage is a measure of the influence of each observation on the estimation of principal components, which are often of interest in fMRI data. We also propose an alternative measure, PCA robust distance, which is less sensitive to outliers and has controllable statistical properties. The proposed methods are validated through simulation studies and are shown to be highly accurate. We also conduct a reliability study using resting-state fMRI data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange and find that removal of outliers using the proposed methods results in more reliable estimation of subject-level resting-state networks using independent components analysis.
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