Single-cell time-lapse imaging of intracellular O2 in response to metabolic inhibition and mitochondrial cytochrome-c release

The detection of intracellular molecular oxygen (O-2) levels is important for understanding cell physiology, cell death, and drug effects, and has recently been improved with the development of oxygen-sensitive probes that are compatible with live cell timelapse microscopy. We here provide a protocol for the use of the nanoparticle probe MitoImage-MM2 to monitor intracellular oxygen levels by confocal microscopy under baseline conditions, in response to mitochondrial toxins, and following mitochondrial cytochrome-c release. We demonstrate that the MitoImage- MM2 probe, which embeds Pt(II)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-( 2,3,4,5,6pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin as oxygen sensor and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) as an O-2-independent component, enables quantitative, ratiometric time-lapse imaging of intracellular O-2. Multiplexing with tetra-methyl-rhodamine-methyl ester in HeLa cervical cancer cells showed significant increases in intracellular O-2 accompanied by strong mitochondrial depolarization when respiratory chain complexes III or IV were inhibited by Antimycin A or sodium azide, respectively, and when cells were maintained at 'physiological' tissue O-2 levels (5% O-2). Multiplexing also allowed us to monitor intracellular O-2 during the apoptotic signaling process of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization in HeLa expressing cytochrome-c-eGFP, and demonstrated that mitochondria post cytochrome-c release are able to retain their capacity to respire at physiological O-2 despite a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential.