Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 313, Issue 3, Pages H524-H545Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2016
Keywords
estrogen receptors; androgen receptors; cardiovascular system; sex steroid hormones; sex differences
Funding
- Tulane University Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health Grant [2K12HD043451-11]
- Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund-Research and Development RCS Grant [LEQSF(2016-2019)-RD-A-22]
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine
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Sex differences between women and men are often overlooked and underappreciated when studying the cardiovascular system. It has been long assumed that men and women are physiologically similar, and this notion has resulted in women being clinically evaluated and treated for cardiovascular pathophysiological complications as men. Currently, there is increased recognition of fundamental sex differences in cardiovascular function, anatomy, cell signaling, and pathophysiology. The National Institutes of Health have enacted guidelines expressly to gain knowledge about ways the sexes differ in both normal function and diseases at the various research levels (molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ system). Greater understanding of these sex differences will be used to steer future directions in the biomedical sciences and translational and clinical research. This review describes sex-based differences in the physiology and pathophysiology of the vasculature, with a special emphasis on sex steroid receptor (estrogen and androgen receptor) signaling and their potential impact on vascular function in health and diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms, and stroke).
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