Dominance of Sulfuritalea species in nitrate-depleted water of a stratified freshwater lake and arsenate respiration ability within the genus

Facultative autotrophs of the genus Sulfuritalea within the class Betaproteobacteria have been predicted to be an important bacterial population in stratified freshwater lakes based on previous PCR-based studies. Here, we designed a new probe specific for the genus Sulfuritalea and performed catalysed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridisation to enumerate cells of Sulfuritalea species throughout the water column in a stratified freshwater lake. The cells stained with the Sulfuritalea-specific probe were detected in all hypoxic water samples collected in different seasons and years. Their abundance ranged from 1.4 x 10(4) to 2.1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1), corresponding to 0.5-5.5% of the total DAPI-stained cells and 2.3-15% of the total bacterial cells. A high abundance of Sulfuritalea species was recorded in hypoxic water samples without nitrate, which is the only known anaerobic electron acceptor for Sulfuritalea. Nitrate-independent anaerobic respiration was further investigated using a single cultured representative of this genus, and its growth via arsenate respiration was experimentally demonstrated. In conclusion, Sulfuritalea species were found to be a major component of the planktonic bacterial community in nitrate-depleted hypoxic water, where arsenate respiration is one of the possible energy metabolisms of Sulfuritalea.