Journal
CIRCULATION RESEARCH
Volume 121, Issue 6, Pages 662-+Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311519
Keywords
atherosclerosis; bone marrow; housing; macrophages; thermogenesis
Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R21 AG046734, RO1 HL118206, R37 AI049653, DP1DK109668]
- NIH [R01 HL125655 RO1, R01 HL131908, 2T32DK007120-41, T32-HL07081-38, RO1 HL127649, HL112276]
- American Heart Association (AHA) [16SDGG30480008]
- AHA [17POST33410473]
- Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, South Korea [HI15C0399]
- Clinical Pathology Physician-Scientist Training Program (PSTP) at the Washington University School of Medicine
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Rationale: Ambient temperature is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cold weather increases cardiovascular events, but paradoxically, cold exposure is metabolically protective because of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1)-dependent thermogenesis. Objective: We sought to determine the differential effects of ambient environmental temperature challenge and UCP1 activation in relation to cardiovascular disease progression. Methods and Results: Using mouse models of atherosclerosis housed at 3 different ambient temperatures, we observed that cold temperature enhanced, whereas thermoneutral housing temperature inhibited atherosclerotic plaque growth, as did deficiency in UCP1. However, whereas UCP1 deficiency promoted poor glucose tolerance, thermoneutral housing enhanced glucose tolerance, and this effect held even in the context of UCP1 deficiency. In conditions of thermoneutrality, but not UCP1 deficiency, circulating monocyte counts were reduced, likely accounting for fewer monocytes entering plaques. Reductions in circulating blood monocytes were also found in a large human cohort in correlation with environmental temperature. By contrast, reduced plaque growth in mice lacking UCP1 was linked to lower cholesterol. Through application of a positron emission tomographic tracer to track CCR2(+) cell localization and intravital 2-photon imaging of bone marrow, we associated thermoneutrality with an increased monocyte retention in bone marrow. Pharmacological activation of 3 beta-adrenergic receptors applied to mice housed at thermoneutrality induced UCP1 in beige fat pads but failed to promote monocyte egress from the marrow. Conclusions: Warm ambient temperature is, like UCP1 deficiency, atheroprotective, but the mechanisms of action differ. Thermoneutrality associates with reduced monocyte egress from the bone marrow in a UCP1-dependent manner in mice and likewise may also suppress blood monocyte counts in man.
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