Inhibition of plasmin generation in plasma by heparin, low molecular weight heparin, and a covalent antithrombin-heparin complex

The clinical limitations of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) led to the development of an antithrombin-heparin covalent complex (ATH), which displays superior anticoagulant abilities compared with UFH. A recent study investigating its interaction with fibrinolysis showed that ATH inhibited free and fibrin bound plasmin and decreased plasmin generation on fibrin clots. These studies were conducted using purified components and did not elucidate the interaction of ATH with plasmin in the presence of its natural inhibitors alpha(2)-antiplasmin (alpha(2)-AP) and alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)-M). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ATH, UFH, and LMWH on plasmin generation in plasma, under more physiological conditions. Plasmin generation in plasma in the absence and presence of anticoagulants was initiated by tissue plasminogen activator and soluble fibrin fragments, and plasmin and plasmin-alpha(2)-M complexes generated over time were quantified chromogenically. Generation of plasmin-alpha(2)-AP complexes and consumption of plasminogen were quantified by ELISA. Plasmin generation was decreased in the presence of UFH and ATH, whereas LMWH had no effect. Neither plasminogen consumption nor generation of plasmin-alpha(2)-AP complexes were affected by UFH or ATH. However, plasmin-alpha(2)-M complexes were slightly reduced by ATH suggesting that ATH may be able to compete with alpha(2)-M for plasmin. Plasmin generation may be mildly inhibited by heparin-based anticoagulants; however, heparin-catalyzed antithrombin activity is not a major inhibitor of plasmin, as compared to its natural inhibitors alpha(2)-AP and alpha(2)-M. This adds to our understanding of ATH mechanisms of action and aids in its development for clinical use. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.