Towards a Model of Travel Fear

The aim of this paper was to identify and better understand factors and conditions related to fear in travel. A review of literature on concepts such as constraints, shock, panic, risk, anxiety, and worry provided the necessary content from which to both summarize the tourism literature on fear, and also formulate a Model of Travel Fear. This model, developed through content analysis of the literature, and student trip summaries, is comprised of six main components. These include Characteristics of the tourist, Fear-inducing factors of a trip, Strategies to reduce (or amplify) fear, Travel stage, Fear intensity, and Fear responses. Suggestions were made for future research, particularly empirical testing of the model, and for applications of the model in the tourism industry. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.