Heart rate estimation using facial video: A review

Photoplethysmography and Ballistocardiography are two concepts that are used to measure heart rate from human, by using facial videos. Heart rate estimation is essential to determine the physiological and pathological state of a person. This paper presents a critical review of digital camera based heart rate estimating method on facial skin. This review extends the investigation on to the principles and theory behind photoplethysmography and ballistocardiography. The article contains reviews on the significance of the methods and contributions to overcome challenges such as; poor signal strength, illumination variance, and motion variance. The experiments were conducted to validate the state of the art methods on a challenging database that is available publicly. The implemented methods were validated using the database, on 27 subjects for a range of skin tones from pearl white, fair, olive to black. The results were computed using statistical methods such as: mean error, standard deviation, the root mean square error, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis. The results derived from the experiments showed the reliability of the state of the art methods and provided direction to improve for situations involving illumination variance and motion variance. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.