Approaches to high performance white organic light-emitting diodes for general lighting

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) hold great promise for the fabrication of highly efficient, large-area, and flexible lighting sources. Achieving both high luminous efficiency and long operational lifetime simultaneously to meet the requirements of solid-state lighting is a considerable challenge. Alongside balanced charge transport properties and development of operationally stable blue emissive materials, device architectures and light outcoupling techniques should also be considered as matters of concern. We provide a review of recent advances on small-molecule WOLEDs including charge balance, emissive materials, device architectures, and light out-coupling techniques to address the effective approaches for high performance WOLEDs.