Tropospheric ozone profiles by DIAL at Maido Observatory (Reunion Island): system description, instrumental performance and result comparison with ozone external data set

In order to recognize the importance of ozone (O-3) in the troposphere and lower stratosphere in the tropics, a DIAL (differential absorption lidar) tropospheric O3 lidar system (LIO3T(UR)) was developed and installed at the Universite de la Reunion campus site (close to the sea) on Reunion Island (southern tropics) in 1998. From 1998 to 2010, it acquired 427 O3 profiles from the low to the upper troposphere and has been central to several studies. In 2012, the system was moved up to the new Maido Observatory facility (2160 m a.m.s.l. - metres above mean sea level) where it started operation in February 2013. The current system (LIO3T) configuration generates a 266 nm beam obtained with the fourth harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser sent into a Raman cell filled up with deuterium (using helium as buffer gas), generating the 289 and 316 nm beams to enable the use of the DIAL method for O3 profile measurements. The optimal range for the actual system is 6-19 km a.m.s.l., depending on the instrumental and atmospheric conditions. For a 1 h integration time, vertical resolution varies from 0.7 km at 6 km a.m.s.l. to 1.3 km at 19 km a.m.s.l., and mean uncertainty within the 6-19 km range is between 6 and 13%. Comparisons with eight electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) sondes simultaneously launched from the Maido Observatory show good agreement between data sets with a 6.8% mean absolute relative difference (D) between 6 and 17 km a.m.s.l. (LIO3T lower than ECC). Comparisons with 37 ECC sondes launched from the nearby Gillot site during the daytime in a +/- 24 h window around lidar shooting result in a 9.4% D between 6 and 19 km a.m.s.l. (LIO3T lower than ECC). Comparisons with 11 ground-based Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer measurements acquired during the daytime in a +/- 24 h window around lidar shooting show good agreement between data sets with a D of 11.8% for the 8.5-16 km partial column (LIO3T higher than FTIR), and comparisons with 39 simultaneous Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations over Reunion Island show good agreement between data sets with a D of 11.3% for the 6-16 km partial column (LIO3T higher than IASI). ECC, LIO3T(UR) and LIO3T O-3 monthly climatologies all exhibit the same range of values and patterns. In particular, the Southern Hemisphere biomass burning seasonal enhancement and the ozonopause altitude decrease in late austral winter-spring, as well as the sign of deep convection bringing boundary layer O-3-poor air masses up to the middle-upper troposphere in late austral summer, are clearly visible in all data sets.