Surface Functionalization of Micro/Nanostructured Titanium with Bioactive Ions to Regulate the Behaviors of Murine Osteoblasts

Surface topography and chemical composition are centrally important in current implants for enhancing cellular responses. To investigate the synergistic effect of micro/nanostructure and bioactive ions on the spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of murine osteoblasts, the micro/nanostructured titanium surface containing bioactive ions (Zn2+ and Sr2+) was fabricated via sandblasting, acid etching, alkali-heat treatment, and ion exchange. Compared to polished titanium substrates, micro/nanostructured titanium substrates displayed the enhanced roughness and hydrophilicity. And surface functionalization of micro/nanostructured using Zn2+/Sr2+ ions exhibited the sustained release for a period of time. Meanwhile, cell experiments indicated that the Zn/Sr loaded micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces had a great potential to promote cell spreading, proliferation, and differentiation. This study provides a more promising method to design the surface of titanium implants for enhancing osseointegration.