Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 116, Issue -, Pages 86-94Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.023
Keywords
Graft-polymerization; Zwitterionic; Repulsion force; Virus removal
Funding
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [R835826]
- German-Israeli Water Technology Cooperation Program - Ministry of Science & Technology of Israel
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF-MOST, BMBF) [02WA1261B]
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (MOST) [GR-2394]
- EPA [R835826, 909383] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Potable water reuse has been adopted by cities suffering water scarcity in recent years. The microbial safety in water reuse, especially with respect to pathogenic viruses, is still a concern for water consumers. Membrane filtration can achieve sufficient removal of pathogenic viruses without disinfection byproducts, but the required energy is intensive. In this study, we graft-polymerized zwitterionic SPP ([3-(methacryloylamino) propyl] dimethyl (3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide) on a 150 kDa ultrafiltration polyethersulfone membrane to achieve a significantly higher virus removal. The redox-initiated graft-polymerization was performed in an aqueous solution during filtration of the monomer and initiators, allowing for functionalizing the membrane pores with hydrophilic polySPP. Bacteriophage MS2 and human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV-2) were used as surrogates for pathogenic human norovirus and human adenovirus. The grafting resulted in-18% loss of the membrane permeability but an increase of 4 log(10) in HAdV-2 removal and 3 log(10) in MS2 removal. The pristine and the grafted membranes were both conditioned with soluble microbial products (SMP) extracted from a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) in order to test the virus removal after fouling the membranes. After fouling, the HAdV-2 removal by the grafted membrane was 1 log(10) higher than that of the pristine membrane. For MS2, the grafted membrane after fouling with SMP achieved an additional 5 log(10) removal compared to the unmodified membrane. The simple graft-polymerization functionalization of commercialized membrane achieving enhanced virus removal efficiency highlights the promise of membrane filtration for pathogen control in potable water reuse. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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