Ultrasmall MnO Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted increasing attentions as promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we design and synthesize ultrasmall MnO nanoparticles (similar to 4 nm) supported on nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (NDCT@MnO) as promising anode materials of SIBs. It is revealed that the carbonization temperature can greatly influence the structural features and thus the Na-storage behavior of the NDCT@MnO nanocomposites. The synergetic interaction between MnO and NDCT in the NDCT@MnO nanocomposites provides high rate capability and long-term to cycling life due to high surface area, electrical conductivity, enhanced diffusion rate of Na+ ions, and prevented agglomeration and high stability of MnO nanoparticles. The resulting SIBs provide a high reversible specific capacity of 709 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g(-1) and a high capacity of 536 mAh almost without loss after 250 cycles at 0.2 A g(-1). Even at a high current density of 5 A g(-1), a capacity of 273 mAh g(-1) can be maintained after 3000 cycles.