Instrumentation and applications of electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry for studying xenobiotic metabolism: A review

The knowledge of metabolic pathways and biotransformation of xenobiotics, artificial substances foreign to the entire biological system, is crucial for elucidation of degradation routes of potentially toxic substances. Nowadays, there are many methods to simulate xenobiotic metabolism in the human body in vitro. In this review, the metabolism of various substances in the human body is described, followed by a summary of methods used for prediction of metabolic pathways and biotransformation. Above all, focus is placed on the coupling of electrochemistry to mass spectrometry, which is still a relatively new technique. This promising tool can mimic both oxidative phase I and conjugative phase II metabolism. Different experimental arrangements, with or without a separation step, and various applications of this technique are illustrated and critically reviewed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.