Journal
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Volume 29, Issue 43, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703933
Keywords
additives; in situ GIWAXS; organic photovoltaics; PTB7; spin coating
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Funding
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC0001059]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-FG02-08ER46536]
- Northwestern Presidential Fellowship
- Qatar NPRP [7-286-1-046]
- NDSEG
- Northwestern University
- E.I. DuPont de Nemours Co.
- Dow Chemical Company
- National Science Foundation [0960140]
- U.S. DOE [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
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The influence of solvent and processing additives on the pathways and rates of crystalline morphology formation for spin-coated semiconducting PTB7 (poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl) oxy] benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)-carbonyl]-thieno[3,4-b] thiophenediyl]]) thin films is investigated by in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and optical reflectance, to better understand polymer solar cell (PSC) optimization approaches. In situ characterization of PTB7 film formation from chloroform (CF), chlorobenzene (CB), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) solutions, as well as CB solutions with 1% and 3% v/v of the processing additives 1-chloronapthalene (CN), diphenylether (DPE), and 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO), reveals multiple crystallization pathways with: (i) single-solvent systems exhibiting rapid (<3 s) crystallization after a solvent boiling point-dependent film thinning transition, (ii) solvent + additive systems exhibiting different crystallization pathways and crystallite formation times from minutes (CN, DPE) to 1.5 h (DIO). Identifying crystalline intermediates has implications for bulk-heterojunction PSC morphology optimization via optimized spin-casting processes.
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