Journal
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 63, Issue 12, Pages 998-1008Publisher
CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS
DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0368
Keywords
beta-glucosidase; aerobic composting; cellulose degradation; functional microbial community
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31300428, 31372351, 31672469]
- provincial Science Foundation of Heilongjiang [C2015005]
- Scientific Research Fund of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department [12541009]
- Postdoctoral Science-Research Developmental Foundation of Heilongjiang province [LBH-Q13017]
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The composting ecosystem is a suitable source for the discovery of novel microorganisms and secondary metabolites. Cellulose degradation is an important part of the global carbon cycle, and beta-glucosidases complete the final step of cellulose hydrolysis by converting cellobiose to glucose. This work analyzes the succession of beta-glucosidase-producing microbial communities that persist throughout cattle manure - rice straw composting, and evaluates their metabolic activities and community advantage during the various phases of composting. Fungal and bacterial beta-glucosidase genes belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 1 and 3 (GH1 and GH3) amplified from DNA were classified and gene abundance levels were analyzed. The major reservoirs of beta-glucosidase genes were the fungal phylum Ascomycota and the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus. This indicates that a diverse microbial community utilizes cellobiose. The succession of dominant bacteria was also detected during composting. Firmicutes was the dominant bacteria in the thermophilic phase of composting; there was a shift to Actinomycetes in the maturing stage. Proteobacteria accounted for the highest proportions during the heating and thermophilic phases of composting. By contrast, the fungal phylum Ascomycota was a minor microbial community constituent in thermophilic phase of composting. Combined with the analysis of the temperature, cellulose degradation rate and the carboxymethyl cellulase and beta-glucosidase activities showed that the bacterial GH1 family beta-glucosidase genes make greater contribution in cellulose degradation at the later thermophilic stage of composting. In summary, even GH1 bacteria families beta-glucosidase genes showing low abundance in DNA may be functionally important in the later thermophilic phase of composting. The results indicate that a complex community of bacteria and fungi expresses beta-glucosidases in compost. Several beta-glucosidase-producing bacteria and fungi identified in this study may represent potential indicators of composting in cellulose degradation.
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