Journal
ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA
Volume 136, Issue 6, Pages 571-582Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/acps.12772
Keywords
bipolar disorder; circadian rhythm; solar insolation; epidemiology
Categories
Funding
- NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship [1059660]
- Research Council of Norway [223273]
- KG Jebsen Stiftelsen
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS)
- Department of Biotechnology, Government of India
- Pratiksha trust
- Department of Science and Technology INSPIRE scheme, Government of India
- Swedish Research Council [K2014-62X-14647-12-51, K2010-61P-21568-01-4]
- Swedish foundation for Strategic Research [KF10-0039]
- Swedish Federal Government under the LUA/ALF agreement [ALF 20130032, ALFGBG-142041]
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Objective: To confirm prior findings that the larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation in springtime, the younger the age of onset of bipolar disorder. Method: Data were collected from 5536 patients at 50 sites in 32 countries on six continents. Onset occurred at 456 locations in 57 countries. Variables included solar insolation, birth-cohort, family history, polarity of first episode and country physician density. Results: There was a significant, inverse association between the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the onset location, and the age of onset. This effect was reduced in those without a family history of mood disorders and with a first episode of mania rather than depression. The maximum monthly increase occurred in springtime. The youngest birth-cohort had the youngest age of onset. All prior relationships were confirmed using both the entire sample, and only the youngest birth-cohort (all estimated coefficients P < 0.001). Conclusion: A large increase in springtime solar insolation may impact the onset of bipolar disorder, especially with a family history of mood disorders. Recent societal changes that affect light exposure (LED lighting, mobile devices backlit with LEDs) may influence adaptability to a springtime circadian challenge.
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