Journal
BIOMACROMOLECULES
Volume 18, Issue 12, Pages 4171-4183Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01222
Keywords
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Funding
- United States Department of Defense USAMRMC [W81XWH-15-1-0718]
- Knight Foundation
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Polymer-bioceramic composites incorporate the desirable properties of each material while mitigating the limiting characteristics of each component. 1,6-Hexanediol L-phenylalanine-based poly(ester urea) (PEU) blended with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals were three-dimensional (3D) printed into porous scaffolds (75% porosity) via fused deposition modeling and seeded with MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells in vitro to examine their bioactivity. The resulting 3D printed scaffolds exhibited a compressive modulus of similar to 50 MPa after a 1-week incubation in PBS at 37 degrees C, cell viability >95%, and a composition-dependent enhancement of radio-contrast. The influence MC3T3-E1 proliferation and differentiation was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. After 4 weeks, alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly for the 30% HA composite with values reaching 2.5-fold greater than the control. Bone sialoprotein showed approximately 880-fold higher expression and 15-fold higher expression of osteocalcin On the 30% HA composite compared to those of the control. Calcium quantification results demonstrated a 185-fold increase of calcium concentration in mineralized extracellular matrix deposition after 4 weeks of cell culture in samples with higher HA content. 3D printed HA-containing PEU composites promote bone regeneration and have the potential to be used in orthopedic applications.
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