Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 189, Issue -, Pages 349-356Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.059
Keywords
Peracetic acid disinfection; Iodo-trihalomethanes; Iodo-haloacetic acids; Drinking water disinfection by-products; Solid-phase microextraction gas; chromatography-mass spectrometry
Categories
Funding
- US EPA STAR program [83517301]
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources [0045667]
- Chemistry Department, Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS3M)
- Environmental Research Center at Missouri University of Science and Technology
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Free chlorine is a commonly used disinfectant in drinking water treatment. However, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed during water disinfection. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) are two major groups of DBPs. Iodo-HAAs and iodo-THMs (I-HAAs and I-THMs) are formed during the disinfection of the water containing high levels of iodide and are much more toxic than their chlorinated and brominated analogs. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong antimicrobial disinfectant that is expected to reduce the formation of HAAs and THMs during disinfection. In this study, the formations of thirteen HAAs and ten THMs, including the iodinated forms, have been investigated during PAA disinfection and chlorination as the comparison. The DBP formations under different iodide concentrations, pHs, and contact times were systematically investigated. Two types of commercial PAAs containing different concentrations of PAA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were studied. A solid-phase micro extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was upgraded for THM analysis including I-THMs. HAAs were analyzed by following a recently developed high performance ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Results show that the ratio of PAA and H2O2 concentration significantly affect the formation of I-THMs and I-HAAs. During PAA disinfection with lower PAA than H2O2, no detectable levels of THMs and HAAs were observed. During PM disinfection with higher PM than H2O2, low levels of monoiodoacetic acid, diiodoacetic acid, and iodoform were formed, and these levels were enhanced with the increase of iodide concentration. No significant quantities of chloro- or bromo-THMs and HAAs were formed during PM disinfection treatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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