Coupling electrochemistry with in situ fluorescence (confocal) microscopy

Electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy are two complementary transduction techniques that offer synergetic advantages when employed simultaneously. In particular, it is possible to study electrochemical reactivity by recording in situ fluorescence images under electrochemical control. The corresponding data are time-resolved with a quantitative electrochemical signal combined with spatial information provided by fluorescence microscopy. This topic is illustrated with various fluorogenic systems with a special focus on confocal imaging allowing varying of the longitudinal z distance when collecting planar (x-y) data. Recent and future perspectives toward super-resolution microscopy are also discussed.