Rare earth element partitioning and subsolidus exchange behaviour in olivine

The systematics of the rare earth element (REE) abundances in olivine are poorly understood and this undermines their usefulness in deciphering petrogenetic processes. Here we report a novel REE dataset for olivine spanning a wide range in Mg number (Mg# 1-59) from the Skaergaard Layered Intrusion. Olivine La and Lu concentrations vary from 0.68 to 56 ppb and 66 to 571 ppb, respectively. Apparent olivine/melt partition coefficients for the heavy to middle REE define near-symmetrical parabolas, consistent with lattice strain theory, indicating that these elements are structurally bound within the olivine lattice. The parabolas define peaks with variable optimal radii (r(o)). This suggests that the Fe-content of olivine exerts a strong influence on REE partitioning, as fayalitic olivines display more open parabolas (higher apparent Young's modulus, E) than forsteritic olivines. The greater site elasticity is manifest as higher REE concentrations in the fayalitic samples. The observation that E and r(o) are not constant accross a range of Mg# has implications for predictive models for olivine REE. The CI chondrite-normalised olivine REE patterns show smooth trends from the heavy to the middle REE, with greater variation amongst the light REE (LREE). Variation and enrichment of the LREE are ubiquitous within published data for natural olivine, yet are not predicted by experimental results. This study also presents two-dimensional REE maps illustrating the behaviour of the REE in olivine in unprecedented detail. Mapping of magnesian olivine shows core to rim increase in Al, LREE, and Eu and the development of a positive Eu anomaly in olivine, resulting from solid-state, likely diffusive re-equilibration with adjacent plagioclase. We propose that secondary redistribution is the principal cause of elevated LREE patterns in natural olivine. The results from the present investigation show that from a petrological point of view, MREE to HREE systematics of olivine hold promise for study of olivine petrogenesis and that the LREE in olivine may be further developed to understand diffusion time scales and cooling rates in magmatic systems.