Journal
STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY
Volume -, Issue 88, Pages 37-135Publisher
CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.07.001
Keywords
Ascomycota; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae; Multi-gene phylogeny; Extrolites; Aspergillus proliferans; Eurotium amstelodami
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Funding
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Program on the Microbiology of the Built Environment [G-2014-14529]
- Hungarian Research Fund [OTKA K115690]
- Charles University Grant Agency [GAUK 1434217]
- project BIOCEV by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR [CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0109]
- project BIOCEV by ERDF [CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0109]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81473345]
- Czechoslovak Microscopy Society (CSMS scholarship)
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Aspergillus section Aspergillus (formerly the genus Eurotium) includes xerophilic species with uniseriate conidiophores, globose to subglobose vesicles, green conidia and yellow, thin walled eurotium-like ascomata with hyaline, lenticular ascospores. In the present study, a polyphasic approach using morphological characters, extrolites, physiological characters and phylogeny was applied to investigate the taxonomy of this section. Over 500 strains from various culture collections and new isolates obtained from indoor environments and a wide range of substrates all over the world were identified using calmodulin gene sequencing. Of these, 163 isolates were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using sequences of ITS rDNA, partial beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. Colony characteristics were documented on eight cultivation media, growth parameters at three incubation temperatures were recorded and micromorphology was examined using light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy to illustrate and characterize each species. Many specific extrolites were extracted and identified from cultures, including echinulins, epiheveadrides, auroglaucins and anthraquinone bisanthrons, and to be consistent in strains of nearly all species. Other extrolites are species-specific, and thus valuable for identification. Several extrolites show antioxidant effects, which may be nutritionally beneficial in food and beverages. Important mycotoxins in the strict sense, such as sterigmatocystin, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, citrinin were not detected despite previous reports on their production in this section. Adopting a polyphasic approach, 31 species are recognized, including nine new species. ITS is highly conserved in this section and does not distinguish species. All species can be differentiated using CaM or RPB2 sequences. For BenA, Aspergillus brunneus and A. niveoglaucus share identical sequences. Ascospores and conidia morphology, growth rates at different temperatures are most useful characters for phenotypic species identification.
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