Fabrication of valine-functionalized graphene quantum dots and its use as a novel optical probe for sensitive and selective detection of Hg2+

The functionalization of graphene quantum dots has become a powerful method to modulate its chemical, electronic and optical properties for various applications. In the study, we reported a facile synthesis of valine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (Val-GQDs) and its use as a novel fluorescent probe for optical detection of Hg2+. Herein, Val-GQDs was synthesized by the thermal pyrolysis of citric acid and valine. The resulting Val-GQDs has an average size of 3 nm and the edge of graphene sheets contains the rich of hydrophilic groups, leading to a high water-solubility. Compared to the GQDs prepared by thermal pyrolysis of citric acid, Val-GQDs exhibits a stronger fluorescence (>10-fold) and better photostability (>4-fold). Interestingly, the existence of valine moieties in the Val-GQDs results in a more sensitive fluorescent response to Hg2+. The fluorescent signal will linearly decrease with the increase of Hg2+ concentration in the range from 0.8 nM to 1 mu M with the correlation coefficient of 0.992. The detection limit is 0.4 nM (S/N = 3), which the sensitivity is >14-fold that of GQDs. The analytical method provides the prominent advantage of sensitivity, selectivity and stability. It has been successfully applied in the optical detection of Hg2+ in real water samples. The study also provides a promising approach for the design and synthesis of functionalized GQDs to meet the needs of further applications in sensing and catalysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.