Journal
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Volume 212, Issue 3-4, Pages 1107-1136Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11214-017-0382-4
Keywords
Sun: particle emission; Solar-terrestrial relations; Space weather
Categories
Funding
- UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/M00760X/1]
- Leverhulme Trust [RPG-2015-094]
- French space agency CNES
- European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [637324]
- STFC [ST/M00760X/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/M00760X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are an important component of Space Weather, including radiation hazard to humans and electronic equipment, and the ionisation of the Earth's atmosphere. We review the key observations of SEPs, our current understanding of their acceleration and transport, and discuss how this knowledge is incorporated within Space Weather forecasting tools. Mechanisms for acceleration during solar flares and at shocks driven by Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are discussed, as well as the timing relationships between signatures of solar eruptive events and the detection of SEPs in interplanetary space. Evidence on how the parameters of SEP events are related to those of the parent solar activity is reviewed and transport effects influencing SEP propagation to near-Earth locations are examined. Finally, the approaches to forecasting Space Weather SEP effects are discussed. We conclude that both flare and CME shock acceleration contribute to Space Weather relevant SEP populations and need to be considered within forecasting tools.
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