Electrochemical actuation of nickel hydroxide/oxyhydroxide at sub-volt voltages

The development of materials capable of actuating at low triggering voltages is crucial for applications such as compact prime movers for soft, micro robots. In this paper, the electrochemical actuation of Ni(OH)(2)/NiOOH in alkaline environment at low voltages is demonstrated and studied for the first time. Specifically, sub-micron layers of Ni(OH)(2)/NiOOH deposited on Ni films a few microns thick by anodic electrodeposition were found to undergo reversible contraction by similar to 0.1% in an alkaline solution under a low voltage of only similar to 0.4 V, causing a 5-mm long bi-layer actuator to bend by similar to 3.5 mm at its end, giving a large device strain of similar to 70%. The actuation mechanism is found to be due to a redox reaction in the Ni(OH)(2)/NiOOH couple. By masked electrodeposition, successful fabrication of actuators of various shapes and actuation performance was also demonstrated. The required electrolyte can be packaged with the actuating material to achieve a stand-alone actuating device. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.