Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 579, Issue -, Pages 378-386Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.086
Keywords
Artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF); Gamble's solution; Lung bioaccessibility; Particulate matter (PM); Contaminated soils; Toxic elements
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Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) via CREATE program
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) via Discovery Grant program
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The present study aims (1) to characterize contaminated soils (n = 6) and mine tailings samples (n = 3) for As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn content; and (2) to assess elemental lung bioaccessibility in fine fraction (d < 20 pm which might contribute to airborne particulate matter (PM) and thus be inhaled) by means of in vitro tests using Gamble's solution-(GS) and an artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). Elemental concentrations were high in the majority of samples, particularly for As (up to 2040 mg.kg(-1)), Fe (up to 30.7%), Mn (up to 4360 mgkg(-1)), and Zn (up to 4060 mg.kg(-1)); and elemental concentrations (As, Cu, and Ni) in the sieved fraction (d < 20 mu m) obtained from contaminated soils were significantly higher than in the bulk fraction (<160 mu m). In vitro tests with ALF yielded much higher bioaccessibility than tests with GS, and the use of ALF in addition to GS is recommended to assess lung bioaccessibility. Bioaccessibility in ALF was high for all elements after 2 weeks of testing both in terms of concentration (e.g. up to 1730 mg.kg(-1) for As) and percentages (e.g. up to 81% for Pb). The elemental solubilization rate generally declined rapidly and continuously with time. Similarly, bioaccessibility increased rapidly and tended to reach a plateau with time for most samples and metals. However, it is not possible to recommend a general-testing duration as the solubilization behavior was highly element and sample-specific. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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