Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 601, Issue -, Pages 1533-1543Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.284
Keywords
Private well; Well stewardship; Testing; Treatment; Prevention; SHOW
Categories
Funding
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Groundwater Coordinating Council (GCC) award [MSN171323]
- Wisconsin Partnership Program (PERC) Award [223 PRJ 25DJ]
- National Institutes of Health's Clinical and Translational Science Award [5UL 1RR025011]
- National Heart Lunch and Blood Institute [1 RC2 HL101468]
- [P2C HD047873]
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Private well stewardship, including on-going testing and treatment, can ensure private well users are able to maintain source-water quality and prevent exposures to potentially harmful constituents in primary drinking water supplies. Unlike municipal water supplies, private well users are largely responsible for their own testing and treatment and well stewardship is often minimal. The importance of factors influencing regular testing, and treatment behaviors, including knowledge, risk perception, convenience and social norms, can vary by geography and population characteristics. The primary goals of this study were to survey a general statewide population of private well users in Wisconsin in order to quantify testing and treatment patterns and gather data on motivations and barriers to well stewardship. The majority of respondents reported using and drinking well water daily but only about one half of respondents reported testing their wells in the last ten years and of these, only 10% reported testing in the last 12 months. Bacteria and nitrates were contaminants most often tested; and, a private laboratory most often conducted testing. The most commonly reported water treatment was a water softener. Living in a particular geographic region and income were the most significant predictors of water testing and treatment. Iron and hardness, which influence water aesthetics but not always safety, were the most commonly reported water quality problems. Health concerns or perceived lack thereof were, respectively, motivators and barriers to testing and treatment. Limited knowledge of testing and treatment options were also identified as barriers. Results confirm previous findings that well stewardship practices are minimal and often context specific. Understanding the target population's perceptions of risk and knowledge are important elements to consider in identifying vulnerable populations and developing education and policy efforts to improve well stewardship. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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