Arylation of hydrocarbons enabled by organosilicon reagents and weakly coordinating anions

Over the past 80 years, phenyl cation intermediates have been implicated in a variety of C-H arylation reactions. Although these examples have inspired several theoretical and mechanistic studies, aryl cation equivalents have received limited attention in organic methodology. Their high-energy, promiscuous reactivity profiles have hampered applications in selective intermolecular processes. We report a reaction design that overcomes these challenges. Specifically, we found that beta-silicon-stabilized aryl cation equivalents, generated via silylium-mediated fluoride activation, undergo insertion into sp(3) and sp(2) C-H bonds. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic arylation of hydrocarbons, including simple alkanes such as methane. This process uses low loadings of Earth-abundant initiators (1 to 5 mole percent) and occurs under mild conditions (30 degrees to 100 degrees C).