Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 49, Issue 8, Pages 5070-5079Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/es5059428
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Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of China [81373089]
- 985 Innovation Platform Project for Superiority Subject of Ministry of Education of China [EZF201001]
- Scientific Research Foundation for Health Field, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China [201202012]
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To explore the antibiotic body burden of Chinese school children, total urinary concentrations (free and conjugated) of 18 representative antibiotics (5 macrolides, 2 beta-lactams, 3 tetracyclines, 4 quinolones, and 4 sulfonamides) were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry among 1064 school students recruited front 3 economically and geographically distinct areas in east China in 2013. All 18 antibiotics were detected in urine samples with the detection frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 19.6%. The antibiotics were detected in 58.3% of urine samples overall, and this detection frequency reached at 74.4% in one study site. Of them, 47.8% Of the urine samples had a sum of mass concentration of all antibiotics between 0.1 (minimum) and 20.0 ng/mL, and 8 antibiotics had their concentrations of above 1000 ng/mL in some urine samples. Three veterinary antibiotics, 4 human antibiotics, and 11 human/veterinary antibiotics were found overall in 6.3, 19.9, and 49.4% of urine samples, respectively. The detection frequencies and concentration levels of antibiotics in urine samples differed by study areas. Concerning mixed exposures, a total of 137 combinations Of antibiotics and 20 combinations of antibiotic categories were found overall. Two or more antibiotics or categories were concurrently detected in more than 20% of urine samples. On the basis of a usage analysis, contaminated food or environment might be relevant exposure sources for tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides.
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