Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
Volume 97, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.97.075411
Keywords
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Funding
- Sandia's Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)
- United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-NA0003525]
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The transfer Hamiltonian tunneling current is derived in a time-dependent densitymatrix formulation and is used to examine photon-assisted tunneling. Bardeen's tunneling expression arises as the result of first-order perturbation theory in a mean-field expansion of the density matrix. Photon-assisted tunneling from confined electromagnetic fields in the forbidden tunnel barrier region occurs due to time-varying polarization and wave-function overlap in the gap which leads to a nonzero tunneling current in asymmetric device structures, even in an unbiased state. The photon energy is seen to act as an effective temperature-dependent bias in a uniform barrier asymmetric tunneling example problem. Higher-order terms in the density matrix expansion give rise to multiphoton enhanced tunneling currents that can be considered an extension of nonlinear optics where the nonlinear conductance plays a similar role as the nonlinear susceptibilities in the continuity equations.
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