Journal
RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 90, Issue 2, Pages 238-263Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC INC
DOI: 10.5254/rct.17.82668
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Funding
- Center for Tire Research, a National Science Foundation (NSF) Industry/University Cooperative Research Center - NSF award [1160982]
- National Science Grant (XSEDE grant) [OCI-1053575, DMR130011]
- Div Of Industrial Innovation & Partnersh
- Directorate For Engineering [1160982] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Fillers such as carbon black provide a long-standing and essential strategy for the mechanical reinforcement of rubber in tires and other load-bearing applications. Despite their technological importance, however, the microscopic mechanism of this reinforcement remains a matter of considerable debate. A predictive understanding of filler-based reinforcement could catalyze the design of new rubber-filler composites with enhanced performance. Molecular dynamics simulations of rubber mechanical response in the presence of structured fillers offer a new strategy for resolving the origins of filler-based reinforcement and guiding filler design. Results of for ideal rubber-filler dispersions over a range of filler structures suggest that neither hydrodynamic effects nor non-deformable bound rubber domains are necessary to achieve high reinforcement. Moreover, simulations show that particle surface area is a poor predictor of reinforcement. Instead, simulated reinforcement correlates strongly with filler structure, with more rarified filler structure predicting much greater reinforcement at fixed loading. Simulation results are consistent with a scenario in which reinforcement at industrially relevant loadings is dominated by formation of a jammed network of filler particles, suggesting that reinforced rubber can be understood as a superposition of two materials: a rubbery solid, and a jammed granular solid. This perspective points to an opportunity to improve filler-reinforced rubber design by leveraging concepts and expertise developed over many decades in the fields of jamming and granular media.
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