Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY
Volume 78, Issue 3, Pages 181-208Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22560
Keywords
neurons; axon; trafficking; protein synthesis; transmembrane proteins; proteome; Ca2(+); lipid metabolism
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Funding
- Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT) [1170307, 3170887, 3160725]
- Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio (ICM) [P09-015-F]
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly conserved in eukaryotes and neurons. Indeed, the localization of the organelle in axons has been known for nearly half a century. However, the relevance of the axonal ER is only beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss the structure of the ER in axons, examining the role of ER-shaping proteins and highlighting reticulons. We analyze the multiple functions of the ER and their potential contribution to axonal physiology. First, we examine the emerging roles of the axonal ER in lipid synthesis, protein translation, processing, quality control, and secretory trafficking of transmembrane proteins. We also review the impact of the ER on calcium dynamics, focusing on intracellular mechanisms and functions. We describe the interactions between the ER and endosomes, mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles. Finally, we analyze available proteomic data of axonal preparations to reveal the dynamic functionality of the ER in axons during development. We suggest that the dynamic proteome and a validated axonal interactome, together with state-of-the-art methodologies, may provide interesting research avenues in axon physiology that may extend to pathology and regeneration. (c) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 181-208, 2018
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