Journal
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE
Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/jcs2010007
Keywords
additive manufacturing; fused deposition modeling; 3D printing; polypropylene; crystallization retardant; transcrystallization; nucleation
Categories
Funding
- Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station (MAFES) project [ME0-M-8-00527-13]
- USDA ARS Forest Products Research Agreement [58-0202-4-003]
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Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is a versatile polymer. It accounts for the second-largest polymer consumption worldwide. However, iPP is difficult to 3D print via extrusion-based processing. This is attributable to its rapid crystallization rate. In this study, spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils (SDCNF) and maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) were investigated to reveal their effects on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and thermal expansion of iPP. SDCNF at 3 wt % and 30 wt % accelerated the crystallization rate of iPP, while SDCNF at 10 wt % retarded the crystallization rate by restricting crystal growth and moderately increasing the nucleation density of iPP. Additionally, adding MAPP into iPP/SDCNF composites accelerated the crystallization rate of iPP. The effective activation energy of iPP increased when more than 10 wt % SDCNF was added. Scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy results indicated that high SDCNF content led to a reduced gap size among SDCNF, which hindered the iPP crystal growth. The coefficient of thermal expansion of iPP/SDCNF10% was 11.7% lower than the neat iPP. In summary, SDCNF, at 10 wt %, can be used to reduce the warping of iPP during extrusion-based additive manufacturing.
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