Journal
MICROSCOPY
Volume 67, Issue 1, Pages 18-29Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfx124
Keywords
scanning electron microscopy; acceptance map; collection efficiency; ray tracing simulation; secondary electron; backscattered electron
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Collection efficiency and acceptance maps of typical detectors in modern scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) were investigated. Secondary and backscattered electron trajectories from a specimen to through-the-lens and under-the-lens detectors placed on an electron optical axis and an Everhart-Thornley detector mounted on a specimen chamber were simulated three-dimensionally. The acceptance maps were drawn as the relationship between the energy and angle of collected electrons under different working distances. The collection efficiency considering the detector sensitivity was also estimated for the various working distances. These data indicated that the acceptance maps and collection efficiency are keys to understand the detection mechanism and image contrast for each detector in the modern SEMs. Furthermore, the working distance is the dominant parameter because electron trajectories are drastically changed with the working distance.
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