Chronic effects of the ionic liquid [C4mim][Cl] towards the microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda

Chronic effects of the ionic liquid [C(4)mim][Cl] (mp 73 degrees C) towards the microalga, Scenedesmus quadricauda were studied by flow cytometry, monitoring multiple endpoints of cell density, esterase activity, membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species and chlorophyll fluorescence. Toxicity was clearly in evidence, and although increased esterase activity indicated hormesis during initial exposure to [C(4)mim] [Cl], inhibition of both esterase activity and chlorophyll fluorescence became apparent after 3 days. Cell density was also decreased by culturing with [C(4)mim][Cl], but this effect was clearly concentration-dependent and only became significant during the second half of the experiment. In contrast, [C(4)mim] [Cl] had only a modest effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused little damage to cell membranes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.