Effect of melt parameters on density and surface roughness in electron beam melting of gamma titanium aluminide alloy

Purpose - Electron beam melting (EBM) is one of the potential additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate aero-engine components from gamma titanium aluminide (gamma-TiAl) alloys. When a new material system has to be taken in to the fold of EBM, which is a highly complex process, it is essential to understand the effect of process parameters on the final quality of parts. This paper aims to understand the effect of melting parameters on top surface quality and density of EBM manufactured parts. This investigation would accelerate EBM process development for newer alloys. Design/methodology/approach - Central composite design approach was used to design the experiments. In total, 50 specimens were built in EBM with different melt theme settings. The parameters varied were surface temperature, beam current, beam focus offset, line offset and beam speed. Density and surface roughness were selected as responses in the qualifying step of the parts. After identifying the parameters which were statistically significant, possible reasons were analyzed from the perspective of the EBM process. Findings - The internal porosity and surface roughness were correlated to the process settings. Important ones among the parameters are beam focus offset, line offset and beam speed. By jointly deciding the total amount of energy input for each layer, these three parameters played a critical role in internal flaw generation and surface evolution. Research limitations/implications - The range selected for each parameter is applicable, in particular, to gamma-TiAl alloy. For any other alloy, the settings range has to be suitably adapted depending on physical properties such as melting point, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion co-efficient. Practical implications - This paper demonstrates how melt theme parameters have to be understood in the EBM process. By adopting a similar strategy, an optimum window of settings that give best consolidation of powder and better surface characteristics can be identified whenever a new material is being investigated for EBM. This work gives researchers insights into EBM process and speeds up EBM adoption by aerospace industry to produce critical engine parts from gamma-TiAl alloy. Originality/value - This work is one of the first attempts to systematically carry out a number of experiments and to evaluate the effect of melt parameters for producing gamma-TiAl parts by the EBM process. Its conclusions would be of value to additive manufacturing researchers working on gamma-TiAl by EBM process.