Geomorphology and age of the Marocche di Dro rock avalanches (Trentino, Italy)

The Marocche di Dro deposits in the lower Sarca Valley are some of the most distinctive rock avalanche deposits of the Alps. We use geomorphology and cosmogenic Cl-36 exposure dating of boulders to divide the Marocche di Dro deposits into two rock avalanche bodies; the Marocca Principale to the north and the Kas to the south. The deposits were previously undated and had been mapped as up to five different events. The largest event Marocca Principale, which comprises an estimated 1000 10(6) m(3) of predominantly Rotzo Formation limestones, occurred 5300 +/- 860 yr ago. The release area is located mainly in the alcove between Mt. Casale and Mt. Granzoline, but likely extends all the way to Mt. Brento. The Kas event took place 1080 +/- 160 yr ago with detachment below Mt. Brento. The Kas debris, with an estimated volume of 300 10(6) m(3), buried the southern third of the Marocca Principale deposit. Kas presents a barren, stark landscape dominated by house-sized Tovel Member Rotzo Formation boulders bearing distinctive chert lenses. Both the extreme relief of the rock wall (more than 1300 m) and the tectonic setting predispose the range front to massive failure. For the two events, initially translational movement likely quickly evolved into complex failure and massive collapse. Run-out across the valley of several kilometers and run-up on the opposite slope of hundreds of meters followed. A summary of all dated and large historical landslides in the Alps underlines the periods of enhanced slope activity discussed in the literature: 10-9 kyr, 5-3 kyr, and 2-1 kyr, the latter especially for the Southern Alps. No deposits of the first temporal cluster are found at Marocche di Dro. The age of Marocca Principale at 5300 +/- 860 yr suggests occurrence during the second period. Failure may have been related to the shift to wetter, colder climate at the transition from the middle to the late Holocene. Nevertheless, a seismic trigger cannot be ruled out. For the Kas rock avalanche at 1080 +/- 160 yr ago we implicate the Middle Adige Valley (1046 CE) earthquake as trigger. Its epicentral distance is much closer to the Sarca Valley in comparison to that of the Verona earthquake (1117 CE). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.