Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 114, Issue 7, Pages E1118-E1127Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617705114
Keywords
membrane tension; clathrin-mediated endocytosis; membrane modeling
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Funding
- Department of Defense, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship [32 CFR 168a]
- National Institutes of Health [R01GM104979, R35GM118149]
- University of California, Berkeley Chancellor's Postdoctoral Fellowship, Air Force Office of Scientific Research Award [FA9550-15-1-0124]
- National Science Foundation [PHY-1505017]
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A critical step in cellular-trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advantage of some set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesiculation against opposing forces like membrane tension. Using a theoretical model for membrane mechanics and membrane protein interaction, we have systematically investigated the influence of membrane rigidity, curvature induced by the protein coat, area covered by the protein coat, membrane tension, and force from actin polymerization on bud formation. Under low tension, the membrane smoothly evolves from a flat to budded morphology as the coat area or spontaneous curvature increases, whereas the membrane remains essentially flat at high tensions. At intermediate, physiologically relevant, tensions, the membrane undergoes a snap-through instability in which small changes in the coat area, spontaneous curvature or membrane tension cause the membrane to snap from an open, U-shape to a closed bud. This instability can be smoothed out by increasing the bending rigidity of the coat, allowing for successful budding at higher membrane tensions. Additionally, applied force from actin polymerization can bypass the instability by inducing a smooth transition from an open to a closed bud. Finally, a combination of increased coat rigidity and force from actin polymerization enables robust vesiculation even at high membrane tensions.
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