Progress in all-organic rechargeable batteries using cationic and anionic configurations: Toward low-cost and greener storage solutions?

Our entry into the Fourth industrial revolution since the turn of the century is set to revolutionize our daily life notably with the booming of digital technologies such as communications, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (loT), 3-D printing or nano/biotechnologies. It is however hoped this new paradigm shift will integrate sustainable development goals and actions to address the critical damage caused by the previous industrial revolutions especially the threat of global warming. We have to be particularly aware there remains the urgent need for cleaner energy technologies which calls for a radical change in the energy mix to favor renewable energy and environmentally responsible energy storage solutions. Organic materials should provide opportunities to further improve existing energy storage technologies while offering sustainable, versatile and potentially low-cost energy storage devices. This review seeks to provide an update on all-organic battery assemblies reported to date as well as some perspectives we can expect in the future notably for stationary applications.