Calendar aging of commercial Li-ion cells of different chemistries - A review

In the past twenty years, intensive experimental and modeling efforts have been carried out to access and predict the life expectancy of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries under calendar aging conditions. Aging studies are time intensive and usually only focus on one or two chemistries and a few aging conditions. They are therefore not providing a complete understanding of the entire range of temperatures and state of charges. This review is constructed from a comprehensive survey on the Li-ion calendar aging research from the past twenty years. It is the first effort at this scale that provides quantitative and comparative analyses on the aging behaviors of commercially available Li-ion batteries with different cathode and anode chemistries. The results presented in this review can be used to guide future aging studies to fill current knowledge gaps, and can also be used to make an informed selection on Li-ion chemistries for intended applications.