Associations of Parenthood with Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep

Objective: We examined the associations of the presence, number, and the age of children living in the household with adult physical activity, sedentary behavior (sitting and screen time), and sleep behaviors in a large representative sample. Methods: Participants were 8312 adults aged 20-65 from the 2011-2014 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Presence (yes/no), the number of children (none, 1, >= 2), the age of the youngest child (none, <= 5 years, 6-17 years) as well as leisure time physical activity, sitting, screen time, and sleep benchmarks were derived from the home interview. Results: Compared to women with no children in the household, women who reported the presence of a child living in the household were significantly less likely to meet optimal physical activity (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.56-0.84) and sleep (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60-0.87) benchmarks, and significantly more likely to meet optimal sitting (OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.68-2.58) and screen time (OR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.93-3.02) benchmarks. Findings were similar in men for sitting and screen time, however effect sizes were smaller. Findings were mainly consistent regardless of the number of children and the age of the youngest child in the household. Conclusion: Integrated approaches that promote healthy 24-hour behavioral patterns among parents, especially mothers, should be considered.